Convert Milligrams To Milliliters

Cluster observes jet braking and plasma heating

High speed plasma flows, often referred to as jets, are extremely common across the Universe. Such jets are observed in Earth's magnetosphere, in solar flares, and near various objects powered by black holes. New insights into the processes that modify these streams of ionised particles have been provided by rare in situ measurements of plasma flows made by ESA's Cluster spacecraft.

Most visible matter in the Universe exists as plasma, an extremely hot gas in which atoms have been stripped of electrons so that the particles become electrically charged (ionised) and magnetised. How this plasma is heated to create high-energy particles remains a fundamental question, since astrophysical plasmas are often so sparsely populated that collisions between particles are extremely rare.

One of the key energy conversion processes in magnetised plasmas is magnetic reconnection, when the sudden rearrangement of magnetic fields leads to the explosive release of much of the stored magnetic energy. Most of this energy is transferred to the surrounding plasma, causing acceleration and heating of the particles in the plasma.

One place where such processes can be studied by spacecraft is on Earth's night side, where the planet's magnetic field is drawn out into a long tail. In the centre of the tail is a region known as the plasma sheet, which contains plasma with ion temperatures of about 50 million degrees Celsius, making it one of the hottest places in the Universe. When magnetic reconnection occurs in the magnetotail, the plasma sheet is energised and jets are created.

Observations of high energy jets in the plasma sheet provide key insights into the processes that accelerate and heat the plasma.

A Rancher's View: Reading the Label Correctly for the Dosage of ...

It is important at you read the label correctly on antibiotics so you give the right amount of medicine without over dosing. In liquid injectable  antibiotics this can sometimes be a challenge.

Read the label carefully if there is something you don’t understand call a veterinarian. You want to note the withdrawal times and delivery methods SubQ, IM, and IV. These just state whiter the shot goes under the skin, in the muscle, or in a vein.

All shots should be administered in the neck area and label will state if different locations are needed. In different locations only means so much in this side of the neck and so much in the other side. Every shot is in the neck area maybe one side and then the other or a few inches apart on one side.     

Here is where the dosage amount becomes a challenge. Many liquid antibiotics will state for the dose as something like 4 ml for 100 pounds of weight. That’s easy enough to understand but then some that state 4 mg pre pound of body weight. There is huge difference between the two a mg and ml are not the same.

The mg is a measurement in weight and ml is a measurement in volume of liquid. You have to convert the amount stated by weight to an amount of liquid. Your going to be using a syringe that only measures liquid.

First we need to know the weight of the calf. Not an eyeballed guessed weight we need to know the weight. Now for any calves under 300 lbs I use a sling and suspended scale. Calf slings can be easily made by sowing  together material. The material just goes under the belly and safely lifts the calf in the air while a scale takes the reading.  Cost to buy a calf sling is around $25 and you can get a hanging scale for $15. 

There is a girth weight tape that can give you the weight without the use of a scale. You take the measurements and follow the chart on the tape for an accurate weight of the calf.  The last one I brought was four year ago for around $4. There cheap and fairly accurate for even larger sized cows and cattle.

How that we have the weight of the calf, we can figure the dosage amount of antibiotic needed. I going to use the example for converting mg to ml for Liquamycin LA-200 a common antibiotic for treating several illness in cattle.  Here is a section of the label for LA200 for the dosage and lets say we have a 185 pound calf with severe foot rot. So we need highlighted dosage.

Nursing2009 Student Drug Handbook

Principles of ALS Care

Pharmacology for the EMS provider

Paramedic, Calculations for Medication Administration

Applied pharmacology for veterinary technicians